Understanding Your Fertility Issues When Trying To Conceive

ByTarin Hussain
Updated: 19 Sept 2025, 8:00 am

Have you been trying to conceive for over a year without success? It might be time to take a closer look at whether fertility issues are getting in the way. There are several factors that could affect your chances, like ovulation problems, uterine abnormalities, or issues like PCOS or endometriosis. The important thing is to notice any symptoms and understand what might be causing them.

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When you’re trying to get pregnant, the first step is understanding your fertility. You might notice months going by without a positive result and start wondering what’s going on with your body. Feeling frustrated or confused during this time is completely normal.
In this article:
Fertility is really just about how your body sets up the right conditions for pregnancy. Factors like your cycle, hormones, age, and overall health all play a role. Knowing a bit about how these work can give you a better idea of what might be slowing things down.

What is Infertility?

Infertility means you’re unable to get pregnant after trying for a while. If you’re under 35, that’s usually about a year of regular, unprotected intercourse. If you’re over 35, doctors usually suggest getting checked after 6 months of trying.
There are two main types:
  • Primary infertility: You’ve never been pregnant and can’t conceive after a year of trying.
  • Secondary infertility: You’ve had at least one pregnancy before but are struggling to conceive again.
Infertility doesn’t always mean you’ll never have a baby. Many couples conceive with the right support or treatment, so don’t lose hope.

Symptoms of Infertility

The most obvious sign of infertility is not getting pregnant even though you’re trying regularly.
But there can be other signs too:

Signs in Women

You might notice changes in your body that suggest a fertility issue:
  • Irregular periods
  • Very heavy or light menstrual bleeding
  • No periods at all, or periods that stop suddenly
  • Painful periods with back pain, pelvic discomfort, or cramps
  • Hormonal changes like increased acne, hair loss, dark hair growth on the face or chest, or weight gain

Signs in Men

Men might not notice symptoms until they try to conceive, but some signs include:
  • Changes in hair growth or sexual desire
  • Pain, swelling, or lumps in the testicles
  • Small or firm testicles
  • Trouble with erections or ejaculation
It’s worth talking to a doctor to understand what’s happening if you notice these signs.

Causes of Infertility

Knowing the possible causes of fertility issues can help you figure out the next steps:

Causes in Women

Several factors can affect a woman’s ability to conceive:
  • Ovulation problems: If you don’t ovulate regularly, it’s harder for an egg to be available for fertilisation. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormonal imbalances can disrupt ovulation.
  • Fallopian tube issues: Blocked or scarred tubes can stop sperm from reaching the egg. This can happen because of infections, endometriosis, or past surgeries.
  • Uterine abnormalities: Fibroids (non-cancerous growths), scar tissue, or an irregularly shaped uterus can make it hard for a fertilised egg to implant.
  • Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. It can affect the function of your ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes.
  • Primary ovarian insufficiency: If your ovaries stop functioning properly before age 40, it can lead to irregular or absent periods.
  • Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue from infections, surgeries, or endometriosis can stick organs together and affect fertility.
  • Birth defects: Exposure to certain medications in the womb can cause reproductive issues later in life.

Causes in Men

Men’s fertility issues often relate to sperm production or delivery:
  • Low sperm count or quality: Not producing enough sperm or having sperm that are abnormally shaped or slow-moving can reduce the chances of fertilisation.
  • Varicocele: Swollen veins in the scrotum can raise the temperature around the testicles and affect sperm quality.
  • Hormonal imbalances: Problems with hormones can impact sperm production.
  • Blockages or delivery issues: Conditions like premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, or blockages in the testicles can stop sperm from reaching the egg.
  • Genetic or birth defects: Some men are born with issues in their reproductive system, or genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis can affect fertility.
  • Immune system issues: Antibodies that attack sperm can reduce fertility.

Complications of Infertility

Struggling to get pregnant can affect more than just your ability to conceive. It can take a toll on your body, mind, and even your finances:
  • Emotional stress: You might feel frustrated, anxious, or low, and it can put a strain on your relationships.
  • Miscarriage risk: Some fertility treatments slightly increase the chance of early pregnancy loss.
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): Certain fertility drugs can cause swollen, painful ovaries, and in rare cases, serious issues like blood clots.
  • Multiple pregnancies: Treatments like in vitro fertilisation (IVF) can lead to twins or more, which carry higher risks of premature birth.
  • Health issues from underlying conditions: Conditions like PCOS or endometriosis can cause chronic pain or hormonal imbalances.
  • Financial strain: Fertility treatments can be expensive, adding stress to an already emotional process.

Preventing Infertility

While some causes of infertility can’t be prevented, you can take steps to improve your fertility:
  • Keep a healthy weight: Staying in a healthy BMI range helps keep your hormones balanced.
  • Exercise moderately: Regular, gentle exercise is good for your body. But avoid intense workouts that could disrupt ovulation.
  • Avoid smoking and alcohol: Both can harm fertility and increase pregnancy risks.
  • Reduce stress: High stress can affect hormones, so try relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.
  • Prevent STIs: Practising safe intercourse can protect your reproductive organs from damage.
  • Limit exposure to toxins: Try to avoid pesticides, harsh chemicals, and frequent hot baths, which can affect sperm or egg health.
  • Check medications: Some drugs can affect fertility, so talk to your doctor about safer alternatives if needed.
Fertility challenges can feel stressful and confusing. Knowing the possible causes gives you a better idea of what might be affecting your chances of conceiving. It also helps you talk openly with a healthcare professional and explore the right options for treatment.
Whether you’re trying to conceive or navigating IVF, you’re not alone. Join our supportive communities to connect, share, and find strength with others on the same journey.

FAQs on Understanding Your Fertility Issues When Trying To Conceive

  1. Can thyroid problems affect fertility?
    Yes, both underactive and overactive thyroid can interfere with ovulation and pregnancy chances.
  2. Can mental health conditions affect fertility?
    Depression and anxiety don’t stop conception directly but can influence hormones and sexual health.
Disclaimer: Medically approved by Dr Akhila C - Consultant Obstetrician & Gynecologist at Apollo Hospitals Sheshadripuram

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