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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Explained: Causes, Diagnosis, and What Parents Should Know

ByDiwanshu Dika
Updated: 20 Jan 2026, 8:00 pm
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Savitha Shetty, Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Apollo Hospitals

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where a person with XY chromosomes cannot respond to male hormones. Understanding its types, causes, diagnosis, and essential parental guidance is crucial for effective management of AIS. Furthermore, early diagnosis helps parents provide steady support for their child’s physical and emotional well-being.

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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition in which a person who is genetically male cannot respond to male sex hormones (androgens). Consequently, the outside body may appear female, male, or mixed, depending on the severity of the condition.
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Parents of a child with AIS often experience confusion and concern because they lack precise knowledge about the condition. Thus, they may find it challenging to provide the necessary physical and emotional support to their child.

Therefore, learning about the causes, symptoms, tests, and diagnosis is crucial. Let’s discuss these aspects to help parents provide steady support for their child’s physical and emotional well-being.

What are the Major Types of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) presents in different forms, and understanding its major types helps guide diagnosis and care. Here are the major types of AIS.

  • Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)
In CAIS, the body does not respond to any male hormones, resulting in an entirely female external appearance. However, internal female organs, like the uterus, are absent in such individuals.

  • Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (PAIS)
Unlike CAIS, in which the body responds fully to male hormones, here the body responds only partially. Thus, external sex characteristics may be female-like, male-like, or mixed/ambiguous.

  • Mild Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (MAIS)
In MAIS, the body responds primarily to male hormones. The external body appears male, but there may still be problems such as low fertility or mild hormonal effects.

What are the Causes of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

Though there are many causes of AIS, most are linked to changes in a single gene that affect the body’s response to male hormones. Here are the major causes of AIS.

  • Gene Mutation
AIS occurs due to a change or mutation in the AR (Androgen Receptor) gene. The gene helps make the androgen receptor, a protein necessary for the body to respond to male hormones. When this gene is altered, the receptors may not work properly, preventing normal male sexual development.

  • Faulty Androgen Receptors
A mutation in the AR gene can render the androgen receptor dysfunctional or completely absent. Without functional receptors, the body cannot respond to male hormones such as testosterone. Thus, the body cannot develop typical male characteristics, even when hormone levels appear normal.

  • X‑Linked Inheritance
The AR gene is located on the X chromosome, making AIS usually inherited in an X-linked pattern. Mothers who carry the faulty gene can pass it to their child, and it mainly affects children who are genetically male (XY).

  • New Mutations
In some cases, AIS occurs due to new mutations that are not inherited. These mutations can arise spontaneously during egg or sperm formation or early in embryo development.

  • Hormone Resistance
Even if male hormone levels are normal, faulty receptors prevent the body from properly using them. Such a hormone resistance stops the body from developing male sexual features, leading to the varying physical traits seen in AIS.

How Do Doctors Diagnose AIS?

Doctors use a combination of tests to confirm AIS and understand its severity. The diagnosis of AIS usually involves:

  • Hormone Tests
In these tests, doctors measure levels of testosterone and other sex hormones to assess how the body responds.

  • Genetic Testing
This test confirms the presence of XY chromosomes and checks for mutations in the AR gene.

  • Imaging Tests
Ultrasound or other imaging is also used to examine internal reproductive organs, such as the uterus, ovaries, and testes.

What Parents Should Know About AIS?

Parents of a child with AIS face unique challenges and responsibilities. Understanding key considerations helps them provide adequate care and support.

  • Early Awareness is Key
Early identification of AIS allows parents to plan medical care and emotional support efficiently. Many children are diagnosed only at puberty, which can create confusion and stress. Furthermore, early identification of the condition enables timely interventions and reduces uncertainty for both the child and the family.

  • Prioritise Emotional Support
Children with AIS may face questions related to identity, self-esteem, and social interactions. Counselling and psychological support help the child and family cope with these challenges, fostering confidence and resilience throughout growth and development.

  • Don’t Overlook Long-Term Planning
Parents should maintain regular checkups, monitor hormone levels, and address fertility and puberty management proactively. Long-term planning helps ensure the child’s physical well-being and prepares the family to respond to evolving medical or emotional needs.

Note: The information mentioned above does not replace personalised medical advice. Parents should consult qualified healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, geneticists, and counsellors, before making any decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, or long-term care for a child with AIS.

Living with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) presents unique challenges for both children and families. These include handling unusual body changes, going through medical care, and dealing with emotional and social stress. However, following the right tips, such as seeking proper medical guidance and providing emotional support, may help families help their child lead a healthy and confident life.

Whether you’re pregnant, a new mom, or navigating postpartum, you don’t have to do it alone. Join our support group to connect, share, and support one another.

FAQs on Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Explained: Causes, Diagnosis, and What Parents Should Know


  1. Is AIS detectable before birth?
    Yes. Prenatal genetic testing can sometimes identify AIS if there is a known family history.
  2. Does AIS affect life expectancy?
    No, AIS itself does not reduce life expectancy if proper medical care is provided.
  3. Is hormone therapy beneficial for AIS patients?
    Yes. Hormone therapy supports puberty, bone health, and overall physical well-being.
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