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When it comes to sperm health for male fertility, you may often hear about its morphology, referring to the shape of sperm. However, your doctor cannot dismiss other equally important factors while diagnosing male infertility.
You may have to undergo other tests to identify such factors that may be preventing you from becoming a father.
Why Morphology Alone Is Not Enough
Sperm morphology refers to the physical aspects of sperm, such as their shape, length and formation. A normal morphology means the sperm is healthy enough to fertilise an egg successfully.However, that is not always the case because some men with poor sperm morphology fertilise an egg. On the other hand, others may struggle even with a normal shape.
What could be the reason? Well, male fertility depends on multiple other aspects of sperm health, such as count, movement, and DNA quality.
1.Semen Analysis – The First Step
Semen analysis is the first step in your fertility evaluation, which checks the following parameters.- Sperm count: Number of healthy sperm present in the sample
- Motility: Movement of sperm
- Morphology: Shape and size of sperm
- Volume and consistency: Quantity of semen produced and whether it appears normal
- Other factors: Includes pH level, white blood cells, or the presence of clumping
2. Hormonal Testing
You may feel surprised that your hormone levels play a crucial role in sperm production. A simple blood test may check the following important hormones.- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Helps your body make sperm
- LH (Luteinising Hormone): Stimulates the production of testosterone
- Testosterone: Primary male hormone necessary for maintaining your overall reproductive health
- Prolactin and Oestradiol: Less commonly checked, only if symptoms suggest a hormonal imbalance
3. DNA Fragmentation Test
A healthy-looking sperm may have damaged DNA. To assess this damage, a sperm DNA fragmentation test identifies breaks or defects in sperm genetic material.Damaged or fragmented sperm DNA may make it harder to fertilise an egg or lead to early miscarriages in women. You may have to undergo this test in the following conditions.
- You have had multiple failed IVF or IUI attempts
- Your partner has experienced repeated miscarriages
- You are older or exposed to high levels of heat, pollution, or chemicals
4. Scrotal Ultrasound
In some cases, physical problems like varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), cysts, or blockages may interfere with sperm production or movement.Your doctor may suggest a scrotal ultrasound to understand what is going on inside your testicles. It is helpful in the following cases.
- Your semen analysis results are very abnormal
- You have pain, swelling, or a lump in your testicles
- A physical exam suggests something unusual
5. Genetic Testing
Fertility problems may also arise because of your genes. You may not experience any symptoms, but there may be DNA changes. Here are the situations when your doctor may suggest genetic testing.- You have a low count or no sperm at all
- You have a family history of infertility
- You or your partner faced multiple miscarriages
6. Post-Ejaculation Urinalysis
Sperm may remain in your bladder instead of coming out through the penis during ejaculation, also called retrograde ejaculation. A simple urine analysis after ejaculation can check the presence of sperm in your sample. It is recommended in the following conditions.- Your semen volume is very low
- You have diabetes or have had prostate surgery
7. Anti-Sperm Antibody Test
Your immune system protects your body, but sometimes it attacks your sperm, mistaking them for harmful pathogens. This condition is called anti-sperm antibodies.A special test is suggested in such cases to detect whether your body is producing these antibodies. They can affect sperm movement and their ability to fertilise an egg.
What Happens After the Diagnosis?
Your doctor may discuss your fertility after thoroughly reviewing your test results. Many cases have shown improved fertility by making lifestyle changes, taking medicines or undergoing minor procedures.Please remember that help is available and the medical team is equipped to treat any fertility problems.
What You Can Do to Support Your Fertility
You can also control your fertility outcome by taking necessary steps to support your sperm health.- Eliminate smoking, alcohol, and drugs from your lifestyle.
- Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight. Avoid strenuous workout sessions.
- Limit heat exposure from hot baths or saunas.
- Always eat a nutritious diet rich in antioxidants.
- Get good-quality sleep and manage stress.
FAQs on How Male Factor Fertility Is Diagnosed Beyond Morphology
- If my sperm morphology is poor, does that mean I'm infertile?
Many couples conceive even when their male partners have abnormal sperm shape. Although morphology is essential, other factors like sperm count, motility, and DNA quality also matter when it comes to fertility. - Do I need to visit a fertility specialist even if I'm young and healthy?
Your age and health do not always mean high fertility. You still need to consult a specialist if you have been unsuccessful in trying to conceive for over a year (or 6 months if your partner is over 35).
