The Role of Hormones in Ovulation and Fertility

The Key Hormones That Regulate Ovulation

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Produced by the pituitary gland, FSH encourages the ovaries to develop follicles — tiny sacs that each contain an immature egg. One follicle eventually becomes dominant and matures for ovulation. When FSH levels are too low, eggs may not mature properly. When too high, it can indicate reduced ovarian reserve or approaching menopause.
• Luteinising Hormone (LH): Also produced by the pituitary gland, LH triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary — a process called ovulation. This “LH surge” usually occurs 24–36 hours before ovulation and can be tracked with ovulation predictor kits (OPKs). Balanced LH levels are crucial for regular ovulation and optimal fertility.
• Oestrogen: Oestrogen, mainly produced by the ovaries, thickens the uterine lining (endometrium) to prepare it for a fertilised egg. It also increases cervical mucus, making it easier for sperm to swim toward the egg. Healthy oestrogen levels ensure a fertile environment for conception. Too little can cause irregular cycles; too much can lead to conditions like endometriosis or PCOS.
• Progesterone: After ovulation, the empty follicle turns into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. This hormone stabilises the uterine lining, helping an embryo implant and grow. If fertilisation doesn’t occur, progesterone drops, triggering menstruation. If pregnancy begins, progesterone continues to support the uterus until the placenta takes over hormone production.

Supporting Hormones in Fertility

• Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4): The thyroid gland controls metabolism and energy levels. Both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions can affect ovulation and cause irregular cycles.
• Prolactin: While this hormone supports milk production after birth, excess prolactin before pregnancy can suppress ovulation. Stress, certain medications, or pituitary issues can raise prolactin levels.
• Androgens (Testosterone): Although testosterone is known as a male hormone, women produce small amounts. In balanced levels, it supports libido and egg development. Excess, however, may disrupt ovulation — a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Insulin: High insulin levels can disturb ovarian function and contribute to hormonal imbalance, especially in women with PCOS or insulin resistance.

• Irregular Ovulation: Low FSH or disrupted LH surges can cause delayed or missed ovulation. Without regular egg release, conception becomes difficult.
• PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): High androgen and insulin levels cause irregular cycles and multiple immature follicles that don’t release eggs properly.
• Thyroid Disorders: Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) can lead to heavy or absent periods, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) may cause lighter cycles.
• Stress and Cortisol: Chronic stress raises cortisol, which can suppress reproductive hormones and delay ovulation.
• Low Progesterone: Can lead to short luteal phases, making it difficult for an embryo to implant. Balanced hormones are essential for every stage from ovulation to implantation and early pregnancy.

How to Know If Your Hormones Are Out of Balance

• Irregular or missed periods
• Unusual weight gain or loss
• Acne or excessive hair growth
• Mood swings or anxiety
• Low libido
• Fatigue or brain fog

Natural Ways to Support Hormonal Balance and Fertility

• Healthy fats (avocado, nuts, olive oil)
• Protein (pulses, eggs, lean meat)
• Complex carbs (brown rice, quinoa)
• Iron-rich foods (spinach, beetroot, lentils)
• Avoid excessive sugar and processed foods that can spike insulin levels.

• Prioritise Sleep: Lack of rest affects hormones like cortisol and insulin, which can disrupt ovulation. Aim for 7–9 hours of sleep each night.
• Manage Stress: Meditation, breathing exercises, and yoga help regulate cortisol and promote reproductive balance.
• Exercise in Moderation: Gentle activities such as walking, stretching, or light yoga boost blood flow and balance hormones. Over-exercising can have the opposite effect by reducing oestrogen levels.
• Limit Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Chemicals found in plastics, cleaning products, and cosmetics can act as endocrine disruptors. Switch to glass containers, natural cleaners, and toxin-free skincare.
• Regular Check-ups: Routine health checks help identify thyroid, prolactin, or insulin issues early before they affect fertility.

Medical Support for Hormonal Fertility Issues

• Clomiphene citrate or Letrozole to stimulate ovulation
• Metformin for insulin resistance in PCOS
• Thyroid medication for hypothyroidism
• Progesterone supplements for luteal phase support

• Understanding hormones and age
• Age naturally affects hormone production.
• After the mid-30s, oestrogen, progesterone, and egg quality start to decline.
• Regular monitoring, early planning, and fertility-friendly nutrition can help preserve hormonal health and conception chances.

Emotional Connection: Hormones and Mood

FAQs on the Role of Hormones in Ovulation and Fertility

1. Which hormones are most important for fertility?
   FSH, LH, oestrogen, and progesterone are the key players controlling ovulation and conception.
2. Can stress affect ovulation?
   Yes. Chronic stress increases cortisol levels, which can delay or prevent ovulation.
3. How do I know if I’m ovulating normally?
   Regular cycles, changes in cervical mucus, and mild ovulation pain are good indicators. You can also use LH test strips.
4. Can diet improve hormonal balance?
   Absolutely. A diet rich in whole foods, healthy fats, and antioxidants supports natural hormone regulation.
5. What role does the thyroid play in fertility?
   Thyroid hormones influence ovulation, metabolism, and energy; imbalances can lead to infertility if left untreated.