In this article:
You can support the best pregnancy outcomes by understanding its functions and maintaining its health through a balanced lifestyle.
Formation and Structure of the Placenta
The placenta begins to develop shortly after conception, about 6 to 10 days, when the fertilised egg implants into your uterine wall. It keeps growing throughout pregnancy and by the time your baby is born, it measures around 10 inches long and 1 inch thick in the centre. This disc-shaped organ is full of blood vessels and connects to your baby via the umbilical cord. It looks dark red and bumpy because of the many blood vessels packed into tiny structures called villi. These villi help pass nutrients, oxygen and waste between you and your baby.What is The Role of the Placenta?
The placenta acts as your baby’s lifeline by delivering important nutrients and oxygen. It draws these from your bloodstream and transfers them through the umbilical cord. Key placenta functions include:- Oxygen: Supplies your baby with oxygen, acting as their lungs since they cannot breathe on their own yet.
- Glucose: Provides energy for growth and development.
- Amino acids: Support tissue and organ development.
- Fats and vitamins: Promote brain development and immune function.
Waste Removal
The placenta acts like a waste disposal system by removing harmful substances from your baby’s bloodstream. Since your baby’s organs, such as the kidneys and liver, aren’t fully developed, the placenta filters out waste products like urea, carbon dioxide, and creatinine. These are sent back to your bloodstream for your body to eliminate. This process prevents toxin buildup and keeps the environment safe for your baby’s growth.Hormone Production
The placenta produces essential hormones that support pregnancy and prepare your body for parenthood. These include:- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): Peaks early in pregnancy and maintains the corpus luteum (the endocrine structure that supports early pregnancy). It’s also the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
- Progesterone: Maintains the pregnancy by relaxing uterine muscles to prevent contractions and supporting the endometrium (lining of the uterus). It may cause side effects like heartburn, constipation, or headaches.
- Oestrogen: Softens tissues, expands the uterus and pelvis, and prepares your breasts for breastfeeding.
- Human placental lactogen (hPL): Adjusts your metabolism to ensure your baby gets enough nutrients.
Immune Support
The placenta helps build your baby’s early immunity. It transfers your antibodies to your baby, particularly in the third trimester, providing passive immunity that protects them during pregnancy and for up to six months after birth. For example, if you have antibodies against recurrent genital herpes, these can cross the placenta to protect your baby during delivery. This immune support is important since your baby’s own immune system is still developing.Protective Barrier
The placenta acts as a semi-permeable barrier. It allows nutrients and oxygen to pass while blocking some harmful substances and infections. However, it’s not entirely foolproof, as substances like alcohol, nicotine, certain drugs, and some viruses may still cross it. This is why pregnant individuals are advised to avoid these substances to protect their baby. The placenta also prevents your immune system from recognising your baby as foreign to avoid an immune attack.Supporting Organ Development
The placenta temporarily takes on the roles of your baby’s lungs, kidneys, and liver until they are born. It makes sure your baby’s organs develop healthily by supplying oxygen, filtering waste, and delivering nutrients. This support is crucial for proper growth and prevents complications that could arise from underdeveloped organ systems.Preparing for Birth
As you approach delivery, the placenta continues to play a major role. It passes antibodies to boost your baby’s immunity for the first months of life. It also produces hormones that suppress milk production during pregnancy. Once delivered, the placenta’s exit signals your body to start producing breast milk, preparing you for breastfeeding.Types of Placenta Positions
The placenta can attach anywhere in your uterus. It may appear to move as your uterus expands, often shifting upward by 32 weeks. Your healthcare professional monitors the position during a 20-week ultrasound to check for potential complications. Common positions include:- Anterior: Attached to the front wall of the uterus, facing the abdomen. It provides extra cushioning for the baby.
- Posterior: The placenta is attached to the back wall of the uterus and faces the spine.
- Fundus: The placenta is located at the top of the uterus. This is a common and normal position during pregnancy.
- Lateral: The placenta is attached to either the left or right side wall of the uterus. This position is also normal and does not usually cause any problems.
Potential Complications
Sometimes, the placenta doesn’t function properly, and this may lead to complications that can affect you and your baby:- Placenta previa: The placenta covers part or all of the cervix. This may result in bleeding and possibly require a caesarean section.
- Placental abruption: The placenta separates from the uterus too early, leading to heavy bleeding and reduced oxygen supply.
- Placental insufficiency: The placenta fails to deliver enough nutrients or oxygen to the baby. As a result, the baby may experience slow growth or other health issues before or after birth.
- Placenta accreta: This occurs when the placenta implants too deeply into the uterus wall, complicating delivery.
- Retained placenta: Parts of the placenta remain in the uterus after birth. This can lead to infection or bleeding if not removed.
Monitoring Placental Health
Doctors use different methods to check if the placenta is functioning well. Regular check-ups help detect issues early and keep you and your baby safe. Your doctor may use the following methods:- Ultrasound: Visualises the placenta’s position and health.
- Doppler flow study: Checks blood flow through the placenta and umbilical cord to confirm adequate nutrient and oxygen delivery.
- Blood tests: Check for infections or issues affecting placental function.
- Baby movement monitoring: Tracks baby’s movements and heart rate to check placental health.
- Physical check-ups: Identify symptoms like bleeding or pain that suggest placental problems.
Tips for a Healthy Placenta
Maintaining a healthy placenta is important for your baby’s growth. You can support its function and reduce risks by making simple lifestyle choices:- Follow a balanced diet rich in healthy fats like omega-3s, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, and vegetables.
- Drink plenty of water to support blood flow to the placenta.
- Avoid smoking and alcohol consumption to protect the placenta and baby.
- Take prenatal vitamins like folic acid for placental support.
- Engage in light exercise, like walking, with your doctor’s approval.
- Attend regular prenatal check-ups.
- Manage stress and get adequate sleep.
- Avoid heavy activities that could harm your abdomen.
Delivery of the Placenta
After your baby is born, the placenta is delivered during the third stage of labour, typically within 5 to 30 minutes. If you deliver vaginally, your uterus contracts to expel the placenta. In some cases, a gentle push or assistance from your doctor may be needed. In a caesarean section, the placenta is removed through the same incision.The placenta does more than just deliver nutrients to your baby. It helps your child grow, safeguards their health, and prepares your body for breastfeeding. Keeping the placenta healthy is important for a smooth pregnancy and an easy delivery. You can support its function through good nutrition, avoiding harmful substances, and regular medical care.
FAQs on The Role of The Placenta: More Than Just a Nutrient Pipeline
- What is the placenta?
During pregnancy, the placenta develops inside the uterus. It connects the parent and baby through the umbilical cord. - What is the function of the placenta?
Its main functions include delivering oxygen and nutrients to the baby, removing waste, producing hormones, supporting immunity, and protecting the baby. - When does the placenta start to form?
It begins forming about 6 to 10 days after conception when the fertilised egg implants into the uterine wall.
