In this article:
What is Preterm Labour?
Preterm labour is when you start experiencing contractions and changes in your cervix after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Normally, the body prepares for childbirth closer to 40 weeks. However, in cases of preterm labour, this happens too early.- Contractions may cause your cervix to open earlier than expected.
- Your water may break (fluid leaking from your vagina).
- If labour continues to progress, it can lead to premature birth.
Causes and Risk Factors of Preterm Labour
There isn’t just one cause of preterm labour. Many factors increase the risk. Some are medical, others are lifestyle-related, and sometimes it happens without any known reason.Major Risk Factors
- Past premature birth
- Carrying twins, triplets, or more
- Problems with the uterus, cervix, or vagina
Pregnancy-related Risks
- Vaginal bleeding
- IVF pregnancy
- Baby suspected of having a congenital disability
- Short time gap between pregnancies
Lifestyle Risks
- Smoking, alcohol, or drug use
- Lack of prenatal care
- A Poor diet or an unhealthy diet
- Being underweight or overweight
- Stressful or physically demanding jobs
- Exposure to harmful substances like chemicals or radiation
- Being under severe stress
Medical Conditions
- Untreated infections (UTIs, STIs, uterine infections)
- High or low amniotic fluid
- Placental problems (placenta previa, abruption)
- Diabetes, high blood pressure, or clotting disorders
- Liver condition during pregnancy (ICP)
- A history of cervical or uterine surgery
Warning Signs of Preterm Labour
While a pregnant woman may not always undergo preterm labour, it’s important to know what to look out for. Contact your healthcare provider right away if you notice these signs, especially if they don’t go away in an hour or if the pain gets worse.- Four or more contractions in one hour that don’t stop with rest
- Abdominal cramping, with or without diarrhoea
- Persistent pain in your lower back
- Period-like cramps
- Pressure in your pelvis or vagina
- Increased or unusual vaginal discharge
- Leaking fluid (possible amniotic fluid)
- Vaginal bleeding
- Decreased baby movements
Diagnosis
Upon suspecting preterm labour, your doctor will check if your cervix is opening or thinning early. Your doctor may also perform other tests, such as:- A pelvic exam to check your cervix and uterus.
- Ultrasound to measure your cervix, assess your baby, and check fluid levels.
- Contraction monitoring to see how often and how strong they are.
- Lab tests like foetal fibronectin (protein in vaginal discharge linked to labour).
Management and Treatment
If you’re in preterm labour, your doctor will decide whether to delay or prepare for delivery. Before making a decision, your doctor will thoroughly review your case. If your delivery can be delayed, your doctor may prescribe treatments such as:Medications Used
- Tocolytics: Delay contractions for up to 48 hours.
- Magnesium sulfate: Protects your baby’s brain and reduces the risk of cerebral palsy (given if under 32 weeks).
- Corticosteroids: Help develop your baby’s lungs, digestive organs, and brain (given between 24 and 34 weeks).
- Progesterone: Used to lower the risk of preterm birth, often given vaginally.
- Cervical cerclage: A stitch done in the cervix to keep it closed.
Possible Complications of Preterm Labour
Preterm labour may lead to your little one being born too early. Babies born early or prematurely may experience certain complications such as:- Low birth weight
- Breathing difficulties
- Underdeveloped organs
- Problems with vision and hearing
- Higher risk of cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, and behavioural problems
- In severe cases, preterm birth can be fatal
Prevention and Self-Care
You may not always be able to prevent preterm labour. However, there are certain measures you can take to lower the risk. These include:- Attending all prenatal appointments
- Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and recreational drugs
- Spacing pregnancies at least 12–18 months apart
- Eating a balanced diet
- Taking prenatal vitamins as prescribed
- Maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy
- Managing chronic conditions like diabetes or hypertension
- Taking care of your mental health along with physical and reducing stress
- Caring for your dental health, as gum issues may increase the risk
When to Call Your Doctor
If you are pregnant, reach out to your doctor immediately if you notice:- Regular cramps or contractions
- Reduced movements from your baby
- Unusual discharge or bleeding
- Ongoing back pain or pelvic pressure
- Your water breaking
Preterm labour happens when your body prepares for childbirth after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks. Preterm labour may lead to early delivery, which carries risks for your baby. But with early detection, treatments, and preventive steps, you can give your baby more time to grow and improve their health outcomes. Always stay alert and keep an eye on the warning signs of preterm labour.
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FAQs on Preterm Labour: Causes, Warning Signs, and Care
- Should I discuss preterm labour with my doctor?
Yes, if you are pregnant and worried about undergoing preterm labour, then you can discuss your concerns with your doctor. Depending on your health, your doctor will prescribe the best measures to prevent preterm labour. - Can bed rest prevent preterm labour?
There is no conclusive evidence to support bed rest as a preventive step for preterm labour. In general, it is best to avoid complete bed rest during pregnancy, unless prescribed by your healthcare provider.
