Understanding Low Birth Weight: A Complete Guide for Expecting Parents in India

ByDeepshikha Singh
Updated: 11 Dec 2025, 10:30 am

Low birth weight is a growing concern in India, affecting millions of newborns each year. This article explains what low birth weight means, its common causes, how it can be prevented, and ways parents can ensure better outcomes. Understanding it early helps you take the proper steps for a healthy birth.

Pregatips
Every tiny heartbeat during pregnancy brings both excitement and a sense of responsibility. As an expecting parent, you might often wonder whether your baby is growing well inside the womb. One of the key indicators of a baby’s health at birth is their weight. Low birth weight (LBW) can sometimes signal that a baby faced challenges during pregnancy, but with awareness and timely care, most babies can thrive beautifully.
In this article:
In India, where access to nutrition and healthcare varies widely, understanding low birth weight becomes even more crucial. Let’s explore what it means, why it happens, and what you can do about it.

What Does “Low Birth Weight” Mean?

A baby is considered to have low birth weight if they weigh less than 2.5 kilograms (2,500 grams) at birth, regardless of gestational age. There are two main categories:

  • Preterm Birth: Babies born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy often weigh less due to less time to grow.
  • Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): Some babies are full-term but weigh less because of slow growth inside the womb.
Both situations need careful attention, but they can be managed with medical guidance and family support.

Why Is Low Birth Weight a Concern?

Low birth weight can increase the chances of certain health complications in the early weeks after birth. These may include:

  • Difficulty in maintaining body temperature
  • Weaker immunity and higher risk of infections
  • Trouble in feeding or gaining weight
  • Breathing problems in some cases
However, it’s important to remember that low birth weight doesn’t define a child’s future. With proper medical care and nurturing, most babies catch up in growth within the first few years.

Common Causes of Low Birth Weight in India

Several factors contribute to low birth weight. In the Indian context, some of the most common ones include:

1. Maternal Nutrition

  • Poor maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy can restrict the baby’s growth.
  • Inadequate intake of iron, folic acid, and protein is a leading cause of low birth weight.

2. Anaemia

  • Anaemia affects more than 50% of pregnant individuals in India.
  • Low haemoglobin levels reduce oxygen supply to the baby, slowing development.

3. Infections During Pregnancy

  • Infections such as malaria, urinary tract infections, or rubella can interfere with foetal growth.

4. Multiple Pregnancy

  • Twins or triplets share nutrients and space, which can lead to lower weights at birth.

5. Lifestyle Factors

  • Smoking, alcohol, or certain medications can affect placental function and restrict growth.

6. Age and Health Conditions

  • Pregnancies at very young or advanced ages, or those affected by hypertension or diabetes, may increase the risk.

7. Socioeconomic Conditions

  • Limited access to antenatal care, poor diet diversity, and high stress levels can all contribute.

Signs to Watch During Pregnancy

During antenatal check-ups, doctors often monitor:

If your healthcare provider suspects restricted growth, they may recommend more frequent monitoring or specific interventions to address this issue.

How to Prevent Low Birth Weight

While not all cases can be prevented, many can be reduced through early and consistent care.

1. Prioritise Balanced Nutrition

  • Include a mix of whole grains, pulses, green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and dairy.
  • Increase protein intake through sources like lentils, eggs, or paneer.
  • Stay hydrated and avoid skipping meals.

2. Regular Antenatal Check-Ups

  • Early registration and consistent check-ups help track growth and detect any issues early.
  • Take all prescribed supplements, especially iron and folic acid tablets, as advised.

3. Manage Stress and Rest Well

  • Rest is vital for foetal growth. Try gentle stretching, meditation, or prenatal yoga under the guidance of a professional.

4. Avoid Harmful Substances

  • Refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and self-medication. These directly impact placental health.

5. Prevent and Treat Infections

  • Maintain hygiene, drink clean water, and follow vaccination schedules.
  • Seek timely treatment for fevers, urinary discomfort, or unusual symptoms.

6. Monitor Health Conditions

  • If you have diabetes, hypertension, or thyroid issues, follow your healthcare provider’s plan strictly.

Care After Birth for a Low Birth Weight Baby

If your baby is born with low birth weight, special care can help them grow strong:

  • Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC): Skin-to-skin contact helps maintain warmth and promotes bonding between mother and baby.
  • Breastfeeding: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months provides essential nutrients and immunity, promoting optimal growth and development.
  • Frequent Monitoring: Regular weight checks and developmental assessments are important.
  • Clean Environment: Maintaining a hygienic environment for the baby prevents infections.
Government programmes like Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) in India also support maternal and newborn health, ensuring better access to healthcare.

Every pregnancy journey is unique, and so is every baby’s growth. Low birth weight might sound worrying, but with informed care, most babies go on to thrive. By nourishing your body, staying consistent with check-ups, and leaning on medical guidance, you give your baby the best chance to grow strong and healthy.

Whether you’re pregnant, a new mom, or navigating postpartum, you don’t have to do it alone. Join our support group to connect, share, and support one another.

FAQs on Understanding Low Birth Weight: A Complete Guide for Expecting Parents in India

  1. Can a baby with low birth weight usually grow later in life?
    Yes, most low-birth-weight babies catch up in growth within the first few years, especially if they receive proper nutrition, care, and regular medical follow-ups—early breastfeeding and consistent health monitoring support overall development. However, babies born very early or extremely underweight may need longer-term observation to ensure steady progress.
  2. Is low birth weight always preventable?
    Not always. Some factors, such as genetics or unavoidable preterm delivery, are beyond our control. However, maintaining good nutrition, attending all antenatal visits, and managing conditions such as anaemia or hypertension can significantly reduce the risk. The goal is to provide the healthiest possible environment for the baby’s growth before birth.
Disclaimer: Medically Approved by Dr Aastha Gupta, Senior IVF Consultant & Fertility Expert, Obs/ Gynae at Delhi IVF, New Delhi

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