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G6PD Deficiency in Newborns: Symptoms, Testing, and Care

ByDr. Furqan Aamer
Updated: 29 Oct 2026, 11:00 am
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Rajat Grover, Consultant – Neonatology & Paediatrics, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals

G6PD deficiency in newborns is an inherited enzyme condition that makes red blood cells break down more easily, raising the risk of jaundice and high bilirubin. Early recognition, appropriate testing, and prompt treatment can help prevent complications.

Pregatips
G6PD deficiency in newborns is an inherited condition in which a baby's red blood cells lack enough of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Without enough G6PD, the cells can break down more easily (haemolysis) when exposed to certain triggers. This can lead to jaundice, anaemia and, in severe cases, dangerously high bilirubin levels. Some babies have no symptoms at birth, while others may develop jaundice within the first few days of life. Early recognition is important because severe hyperbilirubinaemia can affect the brain if left untreated.
In this article:
We spoke to Dr Rajat Grover, Senior Consultant - Paediatrician and Neonatologist at Cloudnine Group of Hospitals, East Delhi, Pataparganj, to understand this better and get you verified information.

What Causes G6PD Deficiency in Babies?

G6PD deficiency is caused by changes in the G6PD gene and is usually inherited through the X chromosome. Boys are more commonly affected because they have one X chromosome, while girls have two X chromosomes and can have varying levels of enzyme activity.

A baby with G6PD deficiency can develop haemolysis after exposure to certain oxidative triggers. These may include:

  • Some medicines
  • Certain infections
  • Naphthalene found in some mothballs
  • Some traditional or herbal products
Not every baby reacts to every trigger, and the risk depends partly on the specific genetic variant and the amount of enzyme activity.

G6PD Deficiency Symptoms in Newborns

Jaundice (within the first 24 to 48 hours) is the most common sign that may bring G6PD deficiency to medical attention. It causes the baby's skin or the whites of the eyes to appear yellow because of increased bilirubin.

Other possible signs of significant haemolysis include:

  • Jaundice that lasts longer than expected
  • Pale skin
  • Dark urine
  • Poor feeding and vomiting
  • Unusual sleepiness or low energy
  • Fast heartbeat or breathing in severe anaemia
Babies with G6PD deficiency are more likely to develop neonatal jaundice. An analysis of six studies found 1.6 times the odds of newborn hyperbilirubinaemia compared with babies without the deficiency.

High bilirubin levels can cross into brain tissue and cause bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction or kernicterus, a serious complication that can lead to long-term neurological problems.

In newborns, G6PD deficiency is an important cause of significant jaundice. Parents should inform healthcare professionals about the diagnosis before giving medicines or traditional remedies. With appropriate guidance, monitoring, and preventive care, most affected children can lead healthy lives.Dr Rajat Grover, Sr. Consultant, Paediatrician and Neonatologist, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals

How Is G6PD Deficiency Tested in Newborns?

A G6PD enzyme activity test (a blood test) measures the enzyme in red blood cells. The sample can be cord blood, a heel-prick dried blood spot, or a venous blood sample.

Doctors usually advise the test for babies with early, severe, or prolonged jaundice, or a family history of G6PD deficiency.

Testing is particularly important when a newborn develops:

  • Jaundice in the first day of life
  • Rapidly increasing bilirubin levels
  • Jaundice that does not improve adequately with phototherapy
  • Rebound jaundice after an initial improvement
  • A need for escalation of jaundice treatment
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends measuring G6PD activity in certain newborns with unexplained or treatment-resistant jaundice. A genetic test can identify the exact mutation and help trace it within the family.

Treatment and Care for a Baby With G6PD Deficiency

There is no cure, but most children do well by avoiding triggers. Care involves:

  • Close jaundice monitoring, especially in the first two weeks
  • Phototherapy when bilirubin rises; severe cases may need an exchange transfusion
  • Continued breastfeeding, with the mother also avoiding trigger foods and medicines
  • Early medical review for fever or infection, as infections can also trigger red cell breakdown
  • Telling every doctor and pharmacist about the diagnosis before any medicine is given

Foods and Medicines to Avoid in G6PD Deficiency

  • Broad beans: Also check packaged foods for broad bean ingredients.
  • Mothballs (naphthalene): Do not store baby clothes or blankets with them. This matters in homes where woollens are kept in trunks and wardrobes.
  • Antibiotics: Do not buy or give any antibiotic over the counter, and tell the prescribing doctor about the diagnosis every time.
  • Antimalarials: In areas where malaria is common, tell the treating doctor about the diagnosis before any malaria test or treatment.
  • Other: Methylene blue.
  • Herbal and home remedies: Check with the doctor before giving any, as many are not tested for G6PD safety.
G6PD deficiency in newborns is lifelong but manageable. Timely testing, jaundice monitoring, and avoiding known triggers allow most babies to grow normally.

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FAQs on G6PD Deficiency in Newborns: Symptoms, Testing, and Care

  1. Is G6PD deficiency in newborns serious?
    Most babies stay healthy. The main risks are severe jaundice and anaemia after exposure to triggers. Prompt treatment prevents complications.
  2. Can G6PD deficiency be cured?
    No. It is a lifelong genetic condition, and avoiding triggers prevents most problems.
  3. Is G6PD deficiency inherited?
    Yes. It is passed through the X chromosome. It is more common in boys, and carrier mothers can pass it to sons and daughters.
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